Napoleon Was NOT a Son of the Revolution Essay example

At the end of the French Revolution, the hopes of the early stages of the Revolution had been mangled, leading into the Reign of Terror. France had dissolved into anarchy, with internal and international turmoil. It was out of the foreign wars that Napoleon came to power. Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power, victory by victory, eventually making himself Emperor of France, creating a strong central government while continuing the foreign wars, creating a mass French Empire. Although Napoleon was a product of the French Revolution and maintained the image as a â€Å"son of the Revolution,† idealism always fell to pragmatism as Napoleon’s main purpose was creating a strong unified France. Napoleon’s policies reflected some of the ideals†¦show more content†¦Despite the imagery he implied, Napoleon cared less about the ideals of the revolution and more about keeping France together while expanding its power, and would go against these ideals in order to ensure his own power. Although Napoleon gave countries â€Å"constitutions† he didn’t give them democracies, or even representative governments. Napoleon kept major positions of power in the family, declared himself the King of Italy, apparently in the face of the principles of the Revolution. Within the Code Napoleon itself, there were steps backwards. For example, during the revolution women were actively participating but under the Code Napoleon women were rendered economically and politically dependent and therefore inferior. Napoleon picked and chose the aspects of Revolutionary thought that profited him and discarded the rest. He could use this image though to gain support from the Bourgeoisie of the countries he invaded. He monopolized the image as a champion when it was useful, and the image of an emperor when that was useful. Many paintings show the type of propaganda Napoleon was implying. Many official portraits of him, such as Napoleon I by Baron Francoise Gerard and Napoleon I, King of Italy by Andrea Apiani, show Napoleon with a laurel wreath, aShow MoreRelatedThe Philippine National Police8266 Words   |  34 Pagesthe Cuadrillo, a rural police force, to enforce peace in the countryside. Six years later, its general function was assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica. The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying outlaws of the Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant under the command of Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen in the history of the Philippine police system. 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What is investment and an introduction to investing Free Essays

string(89) " customers and also expand their marks and spencer branches locally and internationally\." Introduction What is investment and an introduction to investing Investment is a term to describe in business, which is totally dependent on how money or capital used to buy assets or where as the financial instruments which is to create profit return which is used to relating to the interest and income. The different types of investment used in finance are when purchasing securities or any other financial assets that are purchased from the capital market. Investment describes that when you are buying in the capital market it shows that a market has a high liquidity. We will write a custom essay sample on What is investment and an introduction to investing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Real life examples of investment include buying properties, gold, silver, insurance companies and cars. (http://finance.mapsofworld.com/investments) Financial investments are when investing in stocks, bonds or any type of investment. Indirect investment is when investing with a third party such as the bank, pension funds which are available for old people and also there is a account which is made for students to invest in. Factors to consider to when investing in a company The factors to consider when investing in a company is how the company is generating profit for the next five years The next factor is that look at the company’s share prices and how well the company is performing on the London stock exchange. The main point of investing and putting money in a company is that how much returns on investment that they will get back. Investors should also look the newest addition of the annual report and analyse what so good in that company compared to others to invest in that company There is also a 50/50 chance of losing money when investing in a company and there is also 50 % chance of getting more money than you have invested in. Investing also contain huge amount of risk. Liquidity Liquidity in the finance terms refers which has the ability to change assets into cash quickly in order to repay the debts, which refers to a current liability.The main points of liquidity in a company is that to meet the needs for liquidity where as the company must have the needs for cash because this shows that the cash in hand is relevant to the company can earn more cash or borrow money by paying off the debtors. The liquidity of a company also depends on the short notice of cash, the cash in hand and also what the company reputation is in the financial market. Www.Riskglossary.com/liquidity Profitability Profitability is a word to describe how a company can generate or make earning form their products. The purpose of profitability is to help investors look at how the company has been performing over the two years and also they do this by using the profitability ratios and this is used to help the investors how the company has been performing over the two years and also the investor may choose one of the best companies to invest in. The profitability ratio measures seven different ways of how a company is using and how are they making their profits. The main points of profitability ratios are the gross profit and operating profit margin. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/profitabilityratios Gross profit is where the costs if goods have been sold which shows a percentage of sales. The gross profit margin shows how good the company or business is performing and how are they controlling their costs and also the stock of their products where as it is being sold and given to the customers. The bigger the gross profit it is showing that the company will get a higher amount of profit. Operating profit margin is where earning before interest and taxes which is included in the comprehensive statement which measures how well the company is performing overall efficiency and also showing all the expenses incurred for the period and also the business activity that the company is doing. http://tutor2u.net/business/presentations/accounts/profitabilityratios/default.html Capital structure Capital structure is how a company receives their money to help investors of how to finance or manage their money in an organisation. The purpose of capital structure in a business is that it shows where to allocate the shares in order to purchase new financial assets, which they must sell the shares in an organisation to buy the new assets. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalstructure.asp Gearing Gearing is when a business or organisation manages or receives it money to the business activities that what exactly are they doing. Example of gearing includes bank loans, debentures, loans and shareholders. A company or business which can use gearing to analyse which tells the potential investors that a company with a high gearing ratio is going to be weak in investing because it probably will not have the money is financed by long term loans where is shows there is a low gearing ratio is for shareholders and for retained earnings. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gearing.asp Investor relations Investor relation in business states that it how a company or organisation gives financial data about the company and also shows how well they are doing financially to the shareholders. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investorrelations.asp Share price trends Share price trends is where it shown on the London stock exchange which looks at company’s shares prices and looks at what has happened daily, weekly, yearly and monthly. All the UK based companies are FTSE 100, which are the best 100 companies in the UK Corporate social reporting Corporate social reporting in business looks how well an organisation is how good a company stabilizes. For example how a company create products for the environment the product must be eco friendly and it also look at the social factors and environmental issues of when a company is creating a product. http://www.consultnet.ie/Corporate%20Social%20Reporting.htm Findings Company background Marks and spencer Marks and spencer is one of the biggest leading retailers in the UK as they achieve very high profits such as net and gross. Marks and Spencers also consider how to attract their customers and also expand their marks and spencer branches locally and internationally. You read "What is investment and an introduction to investing" in category "Essay examples" Marks and spencer also think about future plans of how to improve the profitability and also Marks and spencer’s have recently have been making organic food to help customers to eat healthy and it was made to make the environment a better place to live. Marks and spencer annual report pg 1 Easyjet Easyjet is one of the successful and leading airline companies in the UK and Europe. The purpose of Easyjet is to give customers the value for moneys and safe when travelling with Easyjet. Easyjet also offers a good product and airline fares which apply to leisure activities and business, which is in a range of UK and European routes. Easyjet annual report pg1 Profitability for marks and spencer Marks and spencer is one of the biggest retailers in the UK because it shows they are able to generate high profits which are taken from the shareholders that they invest in and which also gets the results that shows the shareholders get paid dividends each year. Also marks and spencer has a very long-term strategy because this shows how they can generate their long-term profits for the future.Marks is spencer is also good for investing in the business which consider benefits for example is opening and creating more products and thinking about services is to get more money from the investors to improve the profitability of marks and spencer. Marks and spencer annual report Profitability for easy jet Easyjet for the last couple of years are doing well in the business market and also overall easyjet financial highlights are that there is continued growth in the total revenue per seat, which is 5.1%, but last figures show it was 8.6% so the change in percentage was 3.3 %. This shows that the shareholder has got a higher number of dividends in 2010 because it is a 3.3 % increase, which shows that they have profitability. Looking at the airline industry it shows easy jet is a low cost airfare airline which shows Easyjet are very well structured in the market.Easyjet are also in the airline industry shows that the fares are going to increase so the business and leisure activities might decline for easyjet causing them to lose profits. Easy jet annual report Analysis of both companies Making the analysis of both companies and seeing both of the companies profitability it shows that marks and spencer is a business is making more cash which shows it is very good for the investors because marks and spencer have a better return on equity which shows marks and spencer have a better profitability than easyjet. Looking at easyjet as a business it is more profitable for the investors to invest in. Look at appendix Liquidity of easy jet and Marks and spencer Marks and spencer are quite weak at their liquidity because they cannot convert their assets into cash because marks and spencer don’t meet the need for the criteria because the company have invested in management systems which main aim is to reduce all the costs and make a high level of customer satisfaction which shows they are think about their long term goals which is to maintain profitability. Marks and spencer annual report Looking at easyjet profitability it shows that in the annual report it is shown that they are able to use liquidise which shows that they convert their assets into cash. When current situation arises such as volcanic ash disruption, winter snow disruption and air traffic control and this is to show that how easy jet can use liquidity to pay for the current situation but a disadvantage is that they might not be able pay off the long term loans. Easy jet annual report Analysis of liquidity of easyjet and marks and spencer. Looking at both of the companies liquidity it shows that easyjet has a higher liquidity factor which shows they have a higher current liability which tells you about how they can pay off the currents situations and also easyjet has more cash than marks and spencer as they can convert their assets into cash so easyjet can then make payments for dividends for marks and spencer. Look at appendix Capital structure Marks and spencer use capital structure and gearing by looking at all their finances which are the current liabilities such as bank loans, retained earnings finance rent lease is when you rent a shop branch. Marks and spencer borrow money from the bank and then marks and spencer will pay the bank later. Also if the interest rates are high for marks and spencer may not be able to pay of the long-term debts. Marks and spencer annual report Easyjet uses capital structure and gearing by looking at the money available which are all the long-term loans and which are looked at by the finance lease payments. The capital structure reviewed is looked is having the financial resources in place to support the circumstances occur that arise to the company’s which can withstand the company’s stock. These risk show that easyjet take are safety and security and incidents that are having a effect on the reputation, operational and the financial performance of the company. The other risks that easyjet take is macroeconomic which is the effect of the residual value of the aircraft. The next that easyjet risk they take is whether competition in the airline that can also result to the losses of the market shares. The next risk that easy jet take is where the impact on easyjet is where in the business market is the cost base and the market share of easyjet. The last risk that easyjet take is environmental issues which the re is lots of customer demand for easyjet. Easy jet annual report Analysis for both companies for capital structure and gearing. Looking at both of the companies it is shown in the appendix that marks and spencer have a higher long term finance which equals the liabilities which shows how the ratio is and how the largest amount of interest charge but there is a bigger risk so in the last couple of years it is shown that marks and spencer are doing better than easyjet. The figures show that the long-term debts to equity show how safely they can borrow money after a long period of time. The figures show they are more than 50% so this states that marks and spencer borrow more safely than easyjet. The figures show that gearing that easyjet has a higher gearing than marks and spencer so this shows easyjet knows how to finance its operations. Look at appendix Investor relations Investors relations is when marks and spencer is that when the board members of marks and spencer is the main points of investor relations is that it has a good brand, clear plan and also marks and spencer has the people and employers which have very good leadership skills and also it is how the managers motivate the employees and gives the customers something to cheer about. The importance of investor relations is that marks and spencer thinks about the long-term strategy and plans of the business. The approach to governance report is how marks and Spencers is thinking about what correct steps and decisions to take which are the potential shareholders, managers, employees and suppliers and also the environment. Marks and spencer take the correct steps by doing the right thing by taking the right point across the business, which shows the correct balances, which is treating customers and supplier with kindness and respect. Marks and spencer annual report The investors in easyjet gives a chance to all it shareholder to have a say against the board of easyjet plc. The easyjet investor will talk about how the business issues effecting easyjet and also how the relation department which talks about the easyjet which is about easyjet operations and presentations of the company. Easy jet annual report Analysis of investor relations The analysis of both of the companies is that it shows both of the companies are mature which shows that both of the companies have perfect management programmes. The disadvantage between easyjet and marks and spencer is that easyjet and marks and spencer are that easy jet has better researching and development methods in their products better than marks and spencer. Easyjet also feels help out the investor when it involves the business activities Easyjet also offers and provides more information than marks and spencer such as monthly transactions going in and out which can show investors making the correct decisions in which company to invest is. Look at appendix Corporate social reporting in marks and spencer use in the products which are climate change, waste materials, natural resources and fair partner and health and well being of marks and spencer. Marks and spencer try to decrease the greenhouse gases that produce and also mark and spencers in the last couple of years have cut down the carbon emissions by eight percent. Marks and spencer’s have also help customer and employees who has made them choose them for a healthy lifestyle and also their 81% salt reduction on the food products. Marks and spencer also ensure that their raw materials come from sustainable sources. Marks and spencers annual report and also look at appendix Easyjet in the corporate social reporting is that easyjet use composite risk value, safety management programme and airborne volcanic object identifier. Composite risk value looks at how safely the manager reports to the board, which is marked and looked at the members of the easyjet. The safety management looks at how to look and identify the potential hazards and looking at all the risks involved and looking at the different changes which effect and the chosen hazards, which they may find a solution. Airborne volcanic object idenfier look at how easyjet looks at the management systems with the infrared technology which is the aircraft, which is given help to the pilots to see volcanic ash, hundred kilo metre ahead in the attitude. Easy jet annual report Analysis of corporate social reporting of the both companies. The analysis of both of the companies is that marks and spencer shows they have a better way of showing it better than easyjet and also marks and spencer think about how to make the product eco friendly for the environment.Easyjet has a major advantage compared to marks and spencer is that they main four points which are included which think about the safety of the customers and give the customers the value for money when travelling with easyjet and also think about why to invest in a company for easyjet. Easy jet annual report and marks and spencer and also annual report Analysis of the share trend of marks and spencer and easy jet The share prices trends compared to marks and spencer and easyjet throughout for the year is at the start of the year easyjet figures shows that there is 20,000 pound difference and throughout is shown in the appendix it has been dropping and also been rising and then went to a constant price buts marks and spencer company share prices have been constant but they have lower share prices than easyjet so it better to invest in easyjet because it shows to the investor to get a better return back for how much you will put in the business. Look at appendix Conclusion As you can see from the analysis above it shows that easy jet and mark and spencer are both stable companies, which are currently in profits. Marks and spencer is a better company compared to easyjet is that in the profitability figures is shows that marks and spencer has a better return on sales than easyjet as this shows is this ratio describes how well the performance of the company is doing and also and getting the maximum sales available. Comparing both of the companies liquidity shows that marks and spencer has a better liquidity which shows that they have more cash in hand so it better to pay of their current obligations. If you look at the retail industry and you look at the marks and spencer where the major competitors are and also looking how good are those companies are good to invest in. If you look at the retail industry it is current in huge profit so this shows the investors if they want to invest in marks and spencer they will get a higher dividend the following year . When looking at the airline industry have to look at other airline companies how are their share prices compared their share prices and also how are doing are losing profit or they gaining profits. If looking at the share price trend is shown in the graph that easyjet has a higher share price so it better for the investors to invest in easyjet because it is shown that company has a got a high share price in the current market. Easyjet compared to mark and spencer capital structure and gearing show that marks and spencer know how to finance it money properly and also think about how total debts which equals to total amount of the total amount of assets which basically is how it focuses on the financial structure and also it shows how well marks and spencer has a got very good financial structure and also shows how effective marks and spencer’s use it finances which shows how well marks and spencer and easy jet are doing for the last couple of years. Recommendations The recommendation is that the company that I would go for is that marks spencer’s rather than easyjet because marks and spencer has a very good liquidity, profitability capital structure and gearing ration but the major disadvantage is the share prices and trends is that easyjet has a higher share price than mark spencer that is the only factor that effect that gives a weakness on marks and spencer. Investors should invest marks and spencer because it a well know profitable company and is well known internationally and will get a better return on equity at this shows the investor will get a higher dividend per year which is a good company to invest in. References www.investopedia.com marks and spencer annual report 2010 easy jet annual report annual report www.investorwords.com www.riskglossary.com/liquidity www.tutor4u.com/business and profitablity (http://finance.mapsofworld.com/investments) Books references Financial accounting and reporting (barry Elliot and Jamie Elliot Company accounts fourth edition roger groves Accounting international edition harrision How to cite What is investment and an introduction to investing, Essay examples

Strategic Emergent Construction Procurement â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Emergent Construction Procurement? Answer: Introduction The methods of procurement have not been modified considerably through the past 20 years. Although, overruns of costs and time still remain prevalent through the whole industry. Disputes have often arisen and in an action to lower these incidents of cost and time overruns, procurement methods like alliancing and partnering have been recently advocated. However, not all procurement methods for projects of particular types because the priorities and objectives of clients often differ invariably. The choice of a procurement system arises from an effective match between the objectives of the clients and their priorities. It is an essential requirement that all the characteristics of several procurement methods. The methods of selection that are available should be properly understood by the clients before selection. The report presents the characteristics of the modern procurement systems discussing their advantages and disadvantages. The methods are steered by the government guidelines and the Australian Local Government Procurement Guide and the Western Australian Department of housing and works. Procurement strategy Constructing a new building is necessary when there is no other existing building. A situation where a building already exists and seems that it will meet the needs of the client will only necessitate adapting or renovating(Roberts, 2010). A project is implemented to deliver auditing solutions to the particular needs of the client whether investment, improving efficiency or expansion. A client can decide to opt for a new building to forego renting, purchasing an existing structure from real estate and leasing. Design and construct procurement In this system, the contractor will accept some or all responsibility for a design. The contract states expressly the responsibility accepted to clearly outline the extent of liability. The contract may state otherwise depending on the objectives and interests of the client and agreed upon by both parties. Liability in the design and construct procurement system is absolute under which the contractor will warrant fitness for the intended purposes(McDermott, 2016). Some forms of this procurement method can limit the liability of the design of a contractor to ordinary duty as a profession requiring the exercise of ordinary skill and care. When an independent consultant is engaged by the main contractor do not have liabilities which is higher than the normal. Liability acceptance in form of indemnification is more likely to be worthless if not backed by an indemnity insurance cover. It is, therefore, necessary to crosscheck for a valid cover before the appointment(Sourani, 2012). In most cases, contractors don't have in-house designers, the identity of external designers who will be used must be established before acceptance of the tender(Smith, 2013). The requirements of the client are simply a schedule of accommodation and a site plan clearly demarcating their detailed specification. It is the choice of the client to restrict the input of the client to take the supplied scheme. He/she will be left with the task of developing details of the sche me and the production information. It is, however, advisable for the client to rather specify the performance requirements and leaving the full responsibility for design and choice to the contractor(Masterman, 2003). The design and construct method gives certainty about the sum of the contract and also offers benefits on cost. There is a close integration between this method and the relative freedom which the contractor has to use their knowledge of the market and purchasing power. These abilities a competitive price for the client. It is easy to attain a fast start on the site and the ability to formulate a closer integration will result in effective programming. However, preparing a suitable combination of requirements and comparing of schemes of competing tenders will consume a great deal of time. After signing the contract, further changes by the client will be implemented(Mohsini, 2013) Advantages There is a reduced need for committing resources and time to contract separate designers and contractors because the client deals with a single firm. A certainty of price is attained before commencement. The use of a guaranteed maximum price with the option for savings encourages innovation to reduce time and cost. The time for the project is reduced by overlapping design and construction. The input of the contractor in design improves constructability. Disadvantages The building constructed is functional rather than being prestigious. The building is not complex and has reduced technical innovation. There is a high possibility of changing scope design. A single firm is required for both design and construction. Overlapping the design and construction processes are meant to accelerate the project. Management procurement system Management procurement covers contracting, construction, design and management. Operations contracting gives the contractor direct links to contract with the work contractors and is responsible for all the works. Construction management involves payment of a professional fee to manage a program, develop it, coordinate design and construction and improve the constructability of the project by facilitating collaboration(Tookey, 2011). Management contracting The client will employ a professional team which is independent together with a management contractor who will act as advisers at the preconstruction stages and executors of works when construction kicks off by the use of direct works contracts(Masterman, 2003). There is an enabled possibility of making an early on-site leading to achievement of early completion. Flexibility is increased and the client can change design during progress because matters of details and the drawings may be adjusted and completed while work is proceeding. The success of this type of contracting requires trust and collaboration between the client, the contractors, and consultants. Appointment of the contractor should be done before the outline of the design stage. His role is to advise on design, tendering, delivery and construction. The contractor submits written documentation of fees and will be employed after an interview with the design team and the client(Georghiou, 2007). The fee should include total service as a percentage of total cost. The service covering preconstruction should not proceed to the site. Work is undertaken on basis of cost plan, project drawing, and specification. Certainty about program and costs forcing the client to accept almost all the risks. The works packages will be facilitated by competitive tenders with bills of quantities as lump sum contracts. Construction management A contractor will be carefully selected after payment of management fee. Work contracts are direct between the works contractor and the client. The client, therefore, has a greater control and similarly accepts a great deal of risk. The role of the management contractor is to act as an agent and not to project completion within time and costs(Greer, 2002). The construction management has the following advantages as listed below. Reduced contract variations. It allows overlapping of design and construction. Nominated trade contractors are not necessary. Developed documentation. Management expertise is involved in management at an early time. The split of construction activities and work packaging enhances completion of large projects. The confrontation between the construction supervision team and the design team is reduced. Design and manage The contractor accepts responsibility for works contractors and the design team after being paid a fee. The contractor manages the organization and creates project design. He manages works and delivers the project for a fee by employing sub-contractors to for designing and construction. The consultant for project designing and management is the agent to the client who also obtains sub-contracts from works contractors through tenders, who will enter into direct contracts with the client(Dulaimi, 2001). Advantages of management procurement There is flexibility allowing for changes in design. The contractor will assume the risk and the responsibility of design and construction. The responsibilities, risks, and roles of each party are clear. The input of the constructor into design improves constructability. Competitive prices that are current are associated with work packages. Overlapping of construction and design saves on time. There are an improved collaboration and coordination between constructors and designers as a result of dealing with one firm. Disadvantages Certainty of price is poor. The certainty of price will be attained only after letting the final works. The client must be proactive and informed. A close control of information and time is required. Necessary resources must be committed so that design can be complete. The client does not have a direct control over design. Collaborative procurement system Also called the relational system, this type of procurement develops and gains strength from the investigation and perception showing that the industry is fragmented, incapable, adversarial and ineffective(Dainty, 2007). One firm will, therefore, practice by teamwork and partnering. The principles in collaborative procurement should be established at an early stage of the project with the help of independent advisers. The appropriate procedures should be set up and documented. These activities are done to assist selecting procurement route, contracting and formation of tender documents (Goulding, et al. 2012). The implementation of the practice should be discussed in a detailed manner in the pre-contract meetings, start-up meetings of the consultant teams, the special contractor. The construction strategies of the government public projects to adopt design and pre-contract type procurement routes and initiatives of private finance since they are more collaborative. The traditional no n-collaborative systems are considered to be adversarial(Brchner, 2005). Alliancing describes an approach to the management which encourages trust and openness between the parties involved. Success requires the parties to be dependent on one another necessitating a change in attitude, culture, and procedures in the procurement process. It is mostly applicable to projects which are large, long-term and have a high risk(Maltz, 2002). Strategic partnering involves a multiple-project relationship whereas the project partnering refers to a specific project. The system has clear established routes of authority and communication with pre-formed conventions for preparation and distribution of information. Putting of the contractor and consultant team into a common target for cost creates joint pain and joint gain thereby creating a financial motivation(Angappa, 2008). It involves co-location of team members and an initiative for the reward of the clients teams with assessment done on basis of the normal activities. The recognition and reward system keeps the individuals in the team motivated. Communication is enhanced through regular team meetings and workshops to develop teamw ork. Warning procedures are based at the start of a problem and resolution is based on the solution. Continuous benchmarking, assessment, target marking, adaptation, and feedback ensure continued improvement of the building project(Manley, 2004). Advantages The collaboration will encourage high-quality procurement system to be established and developed. Brainstorming will enable the development of creative solutions at an early stage which also reduces the costs. Consistent teamwork establishes relations and will produce better results. Collaboration integrates the process of design and construction. The risks and rewards are shared. It helps in the adoption of efficient processes and procedures. Emphasis is put on the elimination of duplication which wastes time and resources. It forms a pool of resources that is secure. Disadvantages Reduced responsiveness to change. Obligations are taken up by the client. There is limited flexibility to take up better upcoming solutions. Conclusion The client has an open freedom to choose a system that best satisfies his objectives and should seek the services of an independent advisor. A consideration which should be put in practice is the identification of all prevalent risks and formulate an early solution to overcome. The factors that influence the selection of a strategy to selected involve the external factors of economy, commerce, technology, and the social and legal frameworks. The resources that the client has, the characteristics of the project and the level of flexibility are significant considerations. Other considerations will include cost issues and timing. References Angappa, G., 2008. Concurrent engineering: a strategy for procuring construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 16(6), pp. 375-383. Brchner, J., 2005. Managing information flow in construction supply chains. 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