What is investment and an introduction to investing Free Essays

string(89) " customers and also expand their marks and spencer branches locally and internationally\." Introduction What is investment and an introduction to investing Investment is a term to describe in business, which is totally dependent on how money or capital used to buy assets or where as the financial instruments which is to create profit return which is used to relating to the interest and income. The different types of investment used in finance are when purchasing securities or any other financial assets that are purchased from the capital market. Investment describes that when you are buying in the capital market it shows that a market has a high liquidity. We will write a custom essay sample on What is investment and an introduction to investing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Real life examples of investment include buying properties, gold, silver, insurance companies and cars. (http://finance.mapsofworld.com/investments) Financial investments are when investing in stocks, bonds or any type of investment. Indirect investment is when investing with a third party such as the bank, pension funds which are available for old people and also there is a account which is made for students to invest in. Factors to consider to when investing in a company The factors to consider when investing in a company is how the company is generating profit for the next five years The next factor is that look at the company’s share prices and how well the company is performing on the London stock exchange. The main point of investing and putting money in a company is that how much returns on investment that they will get back. Investors should also look the newest addition of the annual report and analyse what so good in that company compared to others to invest in that company There is also a 50/50 chance of losing money when investing in a company and there is also 50 % chance of getting more money than you have invested in. Investing also contain huge amount of risk. Liquidity Liquidity in the finance terms refers which has the ability to change assets into cash quickly in order to repay the debts, which refers to a current liability.The main points of liquidity in a company is that to meet the needs for liquidity where as the company must have the needs for cash because this shows that the cash in hand is relevant to the company can earn more cash or borrow money by paying off the debtors. The liquidity of a company also depends on the short notice of cash, the cash in hand and also what the company reputation is in the financial market. Www.Riskglossary.com/liquidity Profitability Profitability is a word to describe how a company can generate or make earning form their products. The purpose of profitability is to help investors look at how the company has been performing over the two years and also they do this by using the profitability ratios and this is used to help the investors how the company has been performing over the two years and also the investor may choose one of the best companies to invest in. The profitability ratio measures seven different ways of how a company is using and how are they making their profits. The main points of profitability ratios are the gross profit and operating profit margin. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/profitabilityratios Gross profit is where the costs if goods have been sold which shows a percentage of sales. The gross profit margin shows how good the company or business is performing and how are they controlling their costs and also the stock of their products where as it is being sold and given to the customers. The bigger the gross profit it is showing that the company will get a higher amount of profit. Operating profit margin is where earning before interest and taxes which is included in the comprehensive statement which measures how well the company is performing overall efficiency and also showing all the expenses incurred for the period and also the business activity that the company is doing. http://tutor2u.net/business/presentations/accounts/profitabilityratios/default.html Capital structure Capital structure is how a company receives their money to help investors of how to finance or manage their money in an organisation. The purpose of capital structure in a business is that it shows where to allocate the shares in order to purchase new financial assets, which they must sell the shares in an organisation to buy the new assets. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalstructure.asp Gearing Gearing is when a business or organisation manages or receives it money to the business activities that what exactly are they doing. Example of gearing includes bank loans, debentures, loans and shareholders. A company or business which can use gearing to analyse which tells the potential investors that a company with a high gearing ratio is going to be weak in investing because it probably will not have the money is financed by long term loans where is shows there is a low gearing ratio is for shareholders and for retained earnings. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gearing.asp Investor relations Investor relation in business states that it how a company or organisation gives financial data about the company and also shows how well they are doing financially to the shareholders. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investorrelations.asp Share price trends Share price trends is where it shown on the London stock exchange which looks at company’s shares prices and looks at what has happened daily, weekly, yearly and monthly. All the UK based companies are FTSE 100, which are the best 100 companies in the UK Corporate social reporting Corporate social reporting in business looks how well an organisation is how good a company stabilizes. For example how a company create products for the environment the product must be eco friendly and it also look at the social factors and environmental issues of when a company is creating a product. http://www.consultnet.ie/Corporate%20Social%20Reporting.htm Findings Company background Marks and spencer Marks and spencer is one of the biggest leading retailers in the UK as they achieve very high profits such as net and gross. Marks and Spencers also consider how to attract their customers and also expand their marks and spencer branches locally and internationally. You read "What is investment and an introduction to investing" in category "Essay examples" Marks and spencer also think about future plans of how to improve the profitability and also Marks and spencer’s have recently have been making organic food to help customers to eat healthy and it was made to make the environment a better place to live. Marks and spencer annual report pg 1 Easyjet Easyjet is one of the successful and leading airline companies in the UK and Europe. The purpose of Easyjet is to give customers the value for moneys and safe when travelling with Easyjet. Easyjet also offers a good product and airline fares which apply to leisure activities and business, which is in a range of UK and European routes. Easyjet annual report pg1 Profitability for marks and spencer Marks and spencer is one of the biggest retailers in the UK because it shows they are able to generate high profits which are taken from the shareholders that they invest in and which also gets the results that shows the shareholders get paid dividends each year. Also marks and spencer has a very long-term strategy because this shows how they can generate their long-term profits for the future.Marks is spencer is also good for investing in the business which consider benefits for example is opening and creating more products and thinking about services is to get more money from the investors to improve the profitability of marks and spencer. Marks and spencer annual report Profitability for easy jet Easyjet for the last couple of years are doing well in the business market and also overall easyjet financial highlights are that there is continued growth in the total revenue per seat, which is 5.1%, but last figures show it was 8.6% so the change in percentage was 3.3 %. This shows that the shareholder has got a higher number of dividends in 2010 because it is a 3.3 % increase, which shows that they have profitability. Looking at the airline industry it shows easy jet is a low cost airfare airline which shows Easyjet are very well structured in the market.Easyjet are also in the airline industry shows that the fares are going to increase so the business and leisure activities might decline for easyjet causing them to lose profits. Easy jet annual report Analysis of both companies Making the analysis of both companies and seeing both of the companies profitability it shows that marks and spencer is a business is making more cash which shows it is very good for the investors because marks and spencer have a better return on equity which shows marks and spencer have a better profitability than easyjet. Looking at easyjet as a business it is more profitable for the investors to invest in. Look at appendix Liquidity of easy jet and Marks and spencer Marks and spencer are quite weak at their liquidity because they cannot convert their assets into cash because marks and spencer don’t meet the need for the criteria because the company have invested in management systems which main aim is to reduce all the costs and make a high level of customer satisfaction which shows they are think about their long term goals which is to maintain profitability. Marks and spencer annual report Looking at easyjet profitability it shows that in the annual report it is shown that they are able to use liquidise which shows that they convert their assets into cash. When current situation arises such as volcanic ash disruption, winter snow disruption and air traffic control and this is to show that how easy jet can use liquidity to pay for the current situation but a disadvantage is that they might not be able pay off the long term loans. Easy jet annual report Analysis of liquidity of easyjet and marks and spencer. Looking at both of the companies liquidity it shows that easyjet has a higher liquidity factor which shows they have a higher current liability which tells you about how they can pay off the currents situations and also easyjet has more cash than marks and spencer as they can convert their assets into cash so easyjet can then make payments for dividends for marks and spencer. Look at appendix Capital structure Marks and spencer use capital structure and gearing by looking at all their finances which are the current liabilities such as bank loans, retained earnings finance rent lease is when you rent a shop branch. Marks and spencer borrow money from the bank and then marks and spencer will pay the bank later. Also if the interest rates are high for marks and spencer may not be able to pay of the long-term debts. Marks and spencer annual report Easyjet uses capital structure and gearing by looking at the money available which are all the long-term loans and which are looked at by the finance lease payments. The capital structure reviewed is looked is having the financial resources in place to support the circumstances occur that arise to the company’s which can withstand the company’s stock. These risk show that easyjet take are safety and security and incidents that are having a effect on the reputation, operational and the financial performance of the company. The other risks that easyjet take is macroeconomic which is the effect of the residual value of the aircraft. The next that easyjet risk they take is whether competition in the airline that can also result to the losses of the market shares. The next risk that easy jet take is where the impact on easyjet is where in the business market is the cost base and the market share of easyjet. The last risk that easyjet take is environmental issues which the re is lots of customer demand for easyjet. Easy jet annual report Analysis for both companies for capital structure and gearing. Looking at both of the companies it is shown in the appendix that marks and spencer have a higher long term finance which equals the liabilities which shows how the ratio is and how the largest amount of interest charge but there is a bigger risk so in the last couple of years it is shown that marks and spencer are doing better than easyjet. The figures show that the long-term debts to equity show how safely they can borrow money after a long period of time. The figures show they are more than 50% so this states that marks and spencer borrow more safely than easyjet. The figures show that gearing that easyjet has a higher gearing than marks and spencer so this shows easyjet knows how to finance its operations. Look at appendix Investor relations Investors relations is when marks and spencer is that when the board members of marks and spencer is the main points of investor relations is that it has a good brand, clear plan and also marks and spencer has the people and employers which have very good leadership skills and also it is how the managers motivate the employees and gives the customers something to cheer about. The importance of investor relations is that marks and spencer thinks about the long-term strategy and plans of the business. The approach to governance report is how marks and Spencers is thinking about what correct steps and decisions to take which are the potential shareholders, managers, employees and suppliers and also the environment. Marks and spencer take the correct steps by doing the right thing by taking the right point across the business, which shows the correct balances, which is treating customers and supplier with kindness and respect. Marks and spencer annual report The investors in easyjet gives a chance to all it shareholder to have a say against the board of easyjet plc. The easyjet investor will talk about how the business issues effecting easyjet and also how the relation department which talks about the easyjet which is about easyjet operations and presentations of the company. Easy jet annual report Analysis of investor relations The analysis of both of the companies is that it shows both of the companies are mature which shows that both of the companies have perfect management programmes. The disadvantage between easyjet and marks and spencer is that easyjet and marks and spencer are that easy jet has better researching and development methods in their products better than marks and spencer. Easyjet also feels help out the investor when it involves the business activities Easyjet also offers and provides more information than marks and spencer such as monthly transactions going in and out which can show investors making the correct decisions in which company to invest is. Look at appendix Corporate social reporting in marks and spencer use in the products which are climate change, waste materials, natural resources and fair partner and health and well being of marks and spencer. Marks and spencer try to decrease the greenhouse gases that produce and also mark and spencers in the last couple of years have cut down the carbon emissions by eight percent. Marks and spencer’s have also help customer and employees who has made them choose them for a healthy lifestyle and also their 81% salt reduction on the food products. Marks and spencer also ensure that their raw materials come from sustainable sources. Marks and spencers annual report and also look at appendix Easyjet in the corporate social reporting is that easyjet use composite risk value, safety management programme and airborne volcanic object identifier. Composite risk value looks at how safely the manager reports to the board, which is marked and looked at the members of the easyjet. The safety management looks at how to look and identify the potential hazards and looking at all the risks involved and looking at the different changes which effect and the chosen hazards, which they may find a solution. Airborne volcanic object idenfier look at how easyjet looks at the management systems with the infrared technology which is the aircraft, which is given help to the pilots to see volcanic ash, hundred kilo metre ahead in the attitude. Easy jet annual report Analysis of corporate social reporting of the both companies. The analysis of both of the companies is that marks and spencer shows they have a better way of showing it better than easyjet and also marks and spencer think about how to make the product eco friendly for the environment.Easyjet has a major advantage compared to marks and spencer is that they main four points which are included which think about the safety of the customers and give the customers the value for money when travelling with easyjet and also think about why to invest in a company for easyjet. Easy jet annual report and marks and spencer and also annual report Analysis of the share trend of marks and spencer and easy jet The share prices trends compared to marks and spencer and easyjet throughout for the year is at the start of the year easyjet figures shows that there is 20,000 pound difference and throughout is shown in the appendix it has been dropping and also been rising and then went to a constant price buts marks and spencer company share prices have been constant but they have lower share prices than easyjet so it better to invest in easyjet because it shows to the investor to get a better return back for how much you will put in the business. Look at appendix Conclusion As you can see from the analysis above it shows that easy jet and mark and spencer are both stable companies, which are currently in profits. Marks and spencer is a better company compared to easyjet is that in the profitability figures is shows that marks and spencer has a better return on sales than easyjet as this shows is this ratio describes how well the performance of the company is doing and also and getting the maximum sales available. Comparing both of the companies liquidity shows that marks and spencer has a better liquidity which shows that they have more cash in hand so it better to pay of their current obligations. If you look at the retail industry and you look at the marks and spencer where the major competitors are and also looking how good are those companies are good to invest in. If you look at the retail industry it is current in huge profit so this shows the investors if they want to invest in marks and spencer they will get a higher dividend the following year . When looking at the airline industry have to look at other airline companies how are their share prices compared their share prices and also how are doing are losing profit or they gaining profits. If looking at the share price trend is shown in the graph that easyjet has a higher share price so it better for the investors to invest in easyjet because it is shown that company has a got a high share price in the current market. Easyjet compared to mark and spencer capital structure and gearing show that marks and spencer know how to finance it money properly and also think about how total debts which equals to total amount of the total amount of assets which basically is how it focuses on the financial structure and also it shows how well marks and spencer has a got very good financial structure and also shows how effective marks and spencer’s use it finances which shows how well marks and spencer and easy jet are doing for the last couple of years. Recommendations The recommendation is that the company that I would go for is that marks spencer’s rather than easyjet because marks and spencer has a very good liquidity, profitability capital structure and gearing ration but the major disadvantage is the share prices and trends is that easyjet has a higher share price than mark spencer that is the only factor that effect that gives a weakness on marks and spencer. Investors should invest marks and spencer because it a well know profitable company and is well known internationally and will get a better return on equity at this shows the investor will get a higher dividend per year which is a good company to invest in. References www.investopedia.com marks and spencer annual report 2010 easy jet annual report annual report www.investorwords.com www.riskglossary.com/liquidity www.tutor4u.com/business and profitablity (http://finance.mapsofworld.com/investments) Books references Financial accounting and reporting (barry Elliot and Jamie Elliot Company accounts fourth edition roger groves Accounting international edition harrision How to cite What is investment and an introduction to investing, Essay examples

Strategic Emergent Construction Procurement â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Emergent Construction Procurement? Answer: Introduction The methods of procurement have not been modified considerably through the past 20 years. Although, overruns of costs and time still remain prevalent through the whole industry. Disputes have often arisen and in an action to lower these incidents of cost and time overruns, procurement methods like alliancing and partnering have been recently advocated. However, not all procurement methods for projects of particular types because the priorities and objectives of clients often differ invariably. The choice of a procurement system arises from an effective match between the objectives of the clients and their priorities. It is an essential requirement that all the characteristics of several procurement methods. The methods of selection that are available should be properly understood by the clients before selection. The report presents the characteristics of the modern procurement systems discussing their advantages and disadvantages. The methods are steered by the government guidelines and the Australian Local Government Procurement Guide and the Western Australian Department of housing and works. Procurement strategy Constructing a new building is necessary when there is no other existing building. A situation where a building already exists and seems that it will meet the needs of the client will only necessitate adapting or renovating(Roberts, 2010). A project is implemented to deliver auditing solutions to the particular needs of the client whether investment, improving efficiency or expansion. A client can decide to opt for a new building to forego renting, purchasing an existing structure from real estate and leasing. Design and construct procurement In this system, the contractor will accept some or all responsibility for a design. The contract states expressly the responsibility accepted to clearly outline the extent of liability. The contract may state otherwise depending on the objectives and interests of the client and agreed upon by both parties. Liability in the design and construct procurement system is absolute under which the contractor will warrant fitness for the intended purposes(McDermott, 2016). Some forms of this procurement method can limit the liability of the design of a contractor to ordinary duty as a profession requiring the exercise of ordinary skill and care. When an independent consultant is engaged by the main contractor do not have liabilities which is higher than the normal. Liability acceptance in form of indemnification is more likely to be worthless if not backed by an indemnity insurance cover. It is, therefore, necessary to crosscheck for a valid cover before the appointment(Sourani, 2012). In most cases, contractors don't have in-house designers, the identity of external designers who will be used must be established before acceptance of the tender(Smith, 2013). The requirements of the client are simply a schedule of accommodation and a site plan clearly demarcating their detailed specification. It is the choice of the client to restrict the input of the client to take the supplied scheme. He/she will be left with the task of developing details of the sche me and the production information. It is, however, advisable for the client to rather specify the performance requirements and leaving the full responsibility for design and choice to the contractor(Masterman, 2003). The design and construct method gives certainty about the sum of the contract and also offers benefits on cost. There is a close integration between this method and the relative freedom which the contractor has to use their knowledge of the market and purchasing power. These abilities a competitive price for the client. It is easy to attain a fast start on the site and the ability to formulate a closer integration will result in effective programming. However, preparing a suitable combination of requirements and comparing of schemes of competing tenders will consume a great deal of time. After signing the contract, further changes by the client will be implemented(Mohsini, 2013) Advantages There is a reduced need for committing resources and time to contract separate designers and contractors because the client deals with a single firm. A certainty of price is attained before commencement. The use of a guaranteed maximum price with the option for savings encourages innovation to reduce time and cost. The time for the project is reduced by overlapping design and construction. The input of the contractor in design improves constructability. Disadvantages The building constructed is functional rather than being prestigious. The building is not complex and has reduced technical innovation. There is a high possibility of changing scope design. A single firm is required for both design and construction. Overlapping the design and construction processes are meant to accelerate the project. Management procurement system Management procurement covers contracting, construction, design and management. Operations contracting gives the contractor direct links to contract with the work contractors and is responsible for all the works. Construction management involves payment of a professional fee to manage a program, develop it, coordinate design and construction and improve the constructability of the project by facilitating collaboration(Tookey, 2011). Management contracting The client will employ a professional team which is independent together with a management contractor who will act as advisers at the preconstruction stages and executors of works when construction kicks off by the use of direct works contracts(Masterman, 2003). There is an enabled possibility of making an early on-site leading to achievement of early completion. Flexibility is increased and the client can change design during progress because matters of details and the drawings may be adjusted and completed while work is proceeding. The success of this type of contracting requires trust and collaboration between the client, the contractors, and consultants. Appointment of the contractor should be done before the outline of the design stage. His role is to advise on design, tendering, delivery and construction. The contractor submits written documentation of fees and will be employed after an interview with the design team and the client(Georghiou, 2007). The fee should include total service as a percentage of total cost. The service covering preconstruction should not proceed to the site. Work is undertaken on basis of cost plan, project drawing, and specification. Certainty about program and costs forcing the client to accept almost all the risks. The works packages will be facilitated by competitive tenders with bills of quantities as lump sum contracts. Construction management A contractor will be carefully selected after payment of management fee. Work contracts are direct between the works contractor and the client. The client, therefore, has a greater control and similarly accepts a great deal of risk. The role of the management contractor is to act as an agent and not to project completion within time and costs(Greer, 2002). The construction management has the following advantages as listed below. Reduced contract variations. It allows overlapping of design and construction. Nominated trade contractors are not necessary. Developed documentation. Management expertise is involved in management at an early time. The split of construction activities and work packaging enhances completion of large projects. The confrontation between the construction supervision team and the design team is reduced. Design and manage The contractor accepts responsibility for works contractors and the design team after being paid a fee. The contractor manages the organization and creates project design. He manages works and delivers the project for a fee by employing sub-contractors to for designing and construction. The consultant for project designing and management is the agent to the client who also obtains sub-contracts from works contractors through tenders, who will enter into direct contracts with the client(Dulaimi, 2001). Advantages of management procurement There is flexibility allowing for changes in design. The contractor will assume the risk and the responsibility of design and construction. The responsibilities, risks, and roles of each party are clear. The input of the constructor into design improves constructability. Competitive prices that are current are associated with work packages. Overlapping of construction and design saves on time. There are an improved collaboration and coordination between constructors and designers as a result of dealing with one firm. Disadvantages Certainty of price is poor. The certainty of price will be attained only after letting the final works. The client must be proactive and informed. A close control of information and time is required. Necessary resources must be committed so that design can be complete. The client does not have a direct control over design. Collaborative procurement system Also called the relational system, this type of procurement develops and gains strength from the investigation and perception showing that the industry is fragmented, incapable, adversarial and ineffective(Dainty, 2007). One firm will, therefore, practice by teamwork and partnering. The principles in collaborative procurement should be established at an early stage of the project with the help of independent advisers. The appropriate procedures should be set up and documented. These activities are done to assist selecting procurement route, contracting and formation of tender documents (Goulding, et al. 2012). The implementation of the practice should be discussed in a detailed manner in the pre-contract meetings, start-up meetings of the consultant teams, the special contractor. The construction strategies of the government public projects to adopt design and pre-contract type procurement routes and initiatives of private finance since they are more collaborative. The traditional no n-collaborative systems are considered to be adversarial(Brchner, 2005). Alliancing describes an approach to the management which encourages trust and openness between the parties involved. Success requires the parties to be dependent on one another necessitating a change in attitude, culture, and procedures in the procurement process. It is mostly applicable to projects which are large, long-term and have a high risk(Maltz, 2002). Strategic partnering involves a multiple-project relationship whereas the project partnering refers to a specific project. The system has clear established routes of authority and communication with pre-formed conventions for preparation and distribution of information. Putting of the contractor and consultant team into a common target for cost creates joint pain and joint gain thereby creating a financial motivation(Angappa, 2008). It involves co-location of team members and an initiative for the reward of the clients teams with assessment done on basis of the normal activities. The recognition and reward system keeps the individuals in the team motivated. Communication is enhanced through regular team meetings and workshops to develop teamw ork. Warning procedures are based at the start of a problem and resolution is based on the solution. Continuous benchmarking, assessment, target marking, adaptation, and feedback ensure continued improvement of the building project(Manley, 2004). Advantages The collaboration will encourage high-quality procurement system to be established and developed. Brainstorming will enable the development of creative solutions at an early stage which also reduces the costs. Consistent teamwork establishes relations and will produce better results. Collaboration integrates the process of design and construction. The risks and rewards are shared. It helps in the adoption of efficient processes and procedures. Emphasis is put on the elimination of duplication which wastes time and resources. It forms a pool of resources that is secure. Disadvantages Reduced responsiveness to change. Obligations are taken up by the client. There is limited flexibility to take up better upcoming solutions. Conclusion The client has an open freedom to choose a system that best satisfies his objectives and should seek the services of an independent advisor. A consideration which should be put in practice is the identification of all prevalent risks and formulate an early solution to overcome. The factors that influence the selection of a strategy to selected involve the external factors of economy, commerce, technology, and the social and legal frameworks. The resources that the client has, the characteristics of the project and the level of flexibility are significant considerations. Other considerations will include cost issues and timing. References Angappa, G., 2008. Concurrent engineering: a strategy for procuring construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 16(6), pp. 375-383. Brchner, J., 2005. Managing information flow in construction supply chains. Construction Innovation, 5(1), pp. 71-82. Dainty, A., 2007. Perspectives of UK housebuilders on the use of offsite modern methods of construction. Construction Management and Economics, 25(2), pp. 183-194. Dulaimi, M., 2001. Empowering innovative improvements through creative construction procurement. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 8(5), pp. 325-334. Georghiou, L., 2007. Public procurement and innovationResurrecting the demand side. Research Policy, 36(4), pp. 949-963. Greer, J., 2002. Partnerships and public procurement: building social capital through supply relations. Public Administration, 80(3), pp. 503-522. Jack Goulding, Girma Zawdie, 2012. Construction innovation and process improvement. 7 ed. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Maltz, A., 2002. Becoming an" interesting" customer: Procurement strategies for buyers without leverage. International Journal of Logistics, 5(2), pp. 177-195. Manley, K., 2004. Key influences on construction innovation. Construction Innovation, 4(3), pp. 143-154. Masterman, J., 2003. An introduction to building procurement systems. , .. 5 ed. New York: Routledge. McDermott, P., 2016. Strategic and management issues in construction procurement. Procurement systems, 4(1), pp. 3-26. Mohsini, R., 2013. Knowledge-based design of the project-procurement process. Journal of computing in civil engineering, 7(1), pp. 107-122. Roberts, J., 2010. The economics of modern manufacturing: Technology, strategy, and organization. The American Economic Review, 21(4), pp. 511-528. Smith, A., 2013. Building procurement. 2 ed. New Jersey: John Wiley Son. Sourani, A., 2012. Barriers to addressing sustainable construction in public procurement strategies. Building procurement, 2(17), pp. 93-107. Tookey, J., 2011. Construction procurement routes: re?defining the contours of construction procurement. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 8(1), pp. 20-30

Ohms law Essay Example

Ohms law Paper In this investigation I want to find out how the length of and the width of the wire affects the resistance. Resistance: An explanation of what resistance would be that resistance is the opposition of a conductor to a flow of current. It is when traveling electrons in a wire collide with the atoms of a wire. The collisions between the electrons and the atoms cause the electrons to move slower, which causes resistance. So, resistance would be how hard it is to move electrons through a wire. Resistance is measured in Ohms ( ) Resistance = resistivity p (ohm metres) x length l. Cross-sectional area A (square meters) Current flows through a wire by a flow of electric charges. Wire is made up of a lattice of positive ions, surrounded by free electrons. Ions can only vibrate about in their fixed positions but electrons are free to move randomly from one ion to another. When the battery is attached to the wire, the free electrons are repelled by the negative and attracted to the positive. They still have some random movement but they move slowly in the same direction through the wire with a steady drift. Ohms Law: In 1827, a German physicist discovered relationship that the amount of steady current through a large number of materials is directly proportional to the potential difference, or voltage, across the materials. Thus, if the voltage V (in units of volts) between two ends of a wire made from one of these materials is tripled, the current I (amperes) also triples; and the quotient V/I remains constant. The quotient V/I for a given piece of material is called its resistance, R, measured in units named ohms. The resistance of materials for which Ohms law is valid does not change over enormous ranges of voltage and current. We will write a custom essay sample on Ohms law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ohms law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ohms law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ohms law may be expressed mathematically as V/I = R. That the resistance, or the ratio of voltage to current, for all or part of an electric circuit at a fixed temperature is generally constant had been established by 1827 as a result of the investigations of the German physicist George Simon Ohm. Alternate statements of Ohms law are that the current I in a conductor equals the potential difference V across the conductor divided by the resistance of the conductor, or simply I = V/R, and that the potential difference across a conductor equals the product of the current in the conductor and its resistance, V = IR. In a circuit in which the potential difference, or voltage, is constant, the current may be decreased by adding more resistance or increased by removing some resistance. Ohms law may also be expressed in terms of the electromotive force, or voltage, E, of the source of electric energy, such as a battery. For example, I = E/R. With modifications, Ohms law also applies to alternating-current circuits, in which the relation between the voltage and the current is more complicated than for direct currents. Precisely because the current is varying, besides resistance, other forms of opposition to the current arise, called reactance. The combination of resistance and reactance is called impedance, Z. When the impedance, equivalent to the ratio of voltage to current, in an alternating current circuit is constant, a common occurrence, and Ohms law is applicable. For example, V/I = Z. With further modifications Ohms law has been extended to the constant ratio of the magneto motive force to the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. Resistance values in electronic circuits vary from a few ohms, W, to values in kilohms, kW, (thousands of ohms) and megohms, MW, (millions of ohms). Electronic components designed to have particular resistance values are called resistors. Hypothesis: Resistance is caused by electron bumping into irons. If the length of the wire is doubled, the electrons bump into twice as many irons so there will be twice as much as resistance (resistance as a length. ). If the cross sectional area of the wire doubles, there will be twice a many irons and twice as many electrons bumping into them, but also twice as many electrons getting through twice as many gaps. If there are twice as any electrons getting through, as there is twice the current, the resistance must have halved. This means that resistance a 1 (cross-sectional are of the wire). I am assuming that the temperatures are kept constant and that the material is kept constant. We can include this in our equations by adding a constant R=PL/A Where P=Constant R=Resistance L=Length and A=Cross-sectional area of the wire. The equation R=PL/A is found like this: We have 2 equations RAL and RAL/A If we combine them we have RA1 i L/A which becomes Ra L/A If we add a constant P then we have our equation R=PL/A Preliminary Work I will use nichrome wire, because it has more resistance compared to nickel and copper. I have chosen to test the length, as it is simple to compare the average resistance when the length has changed. I tested nichrome, nickel and copper wire and found out that nichrome is the best to use. The resistance of a wire depends on certain factors. Some of these variables are listed below:   Length of wire   Diameter of wire Temperature at which wire is at   The material of which wire is made out of   The potential difference across circuit   Cross sectional area Factors: The factors I believe that will affect what happens in the investigation are: 1) Diameter/Cross sectional area: A good example to illustrate this where two cars are travelling down a dual lane road side by side. As soon as the road changes to become a single lane road, it is impossible for the cars to travel side by side and one must stop and resume behind the other car. This same can be said for electrons in a wire, the larger the diameter/cross section, the more electrons are able to travel trough the wire at the same time. 2) Temperature: When the temperature of a metal increases the resistance of that metal increases. This is because when the temperature increases the atoms of the metal vibrate more vigorously because of the increase in energy. This means that the electrons have more difficulty getting through the wire as they collide with the atoms which are in their pathway. This increases the amount of collisions therefore there is more resistance. However it is hard to keep the temperature exactly the same as the room temperature might change from day to day. It is essential to use a low voltage because it means a low current that will not heat up the wires. If a high voltage is used the energy would be in form of heat which would make the experiment unfair. The investigation will be done at room temperature. The temperature cannot be investigated because it is hard to control the range of temperature needed without the correct apparatus. 3) Length of wire: The larger the length of the wire, the larger the resistance. This is because there are more atoms from the metal so there is more chance that the electrons would collide with one of the atoms therefore there is more resistance. The length of wire will be variable throughout the investigation. Electrons have a longer distance to travel when the wire is longer, so there are more collisions . The length of the wire will make a difference to the resistance. This is because when you have a long wire, the electrons have to squeeze together for longer to be able to pass through the wire than they do in order to be able to pass through a short wire. 4) Type of material: Different materials have different resistances because the materials atomic structures are different so some metals have low resistances and some have high resistances. Therefore it is important to keep the material the same throughout the experiment unless a different material is used to check if the conclusion or theory works for all materials.

Why Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal

Why Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal Regardless of the changing societal systems, norms, values, ethics, behavioral patterns, since time memorial the institution of marriage has been one of the most valued institutions in all societies, because of its role in continuation of the human species. Yes, I cannot deny that not all individuals marry with an aim of raising children, but could we be alive today to cherish the kind of choices we make in our daily lives had our ancestors not given birth to our parents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, because marriage is a consecrated unification of a male and a female, ready to sacrifice all that is at their disposal for the continuation of the human species and societal values, I believe all individuals should respect it hence, the need to illegalize gay marriage. It is important to note that, regardless of nature of value systems ad opted by a society, we can never detach the union of a male and a female from its cultural, holy, and natural foundations, without interfering with societal systems, norms, and values (Messerli 1). With the increasing number of same sex marriages, I believe unless the government takes serious legal steps, soon such marriages will entirely erode the significance of marriage in societies. The gay alliance should be illegal, because the union between a male and a female in matrimony is of great significance not only to an individual, but also to societies. Yes, I cannot deny that, as normal couples, gay couples can also handle all financial needs of their family however, what kind of values will such couples instill in their children or children in their neighborhoods? As research studies show, such unions have many negative influences on growing children hence, the likelihoods of such children developing desired societal norms and values are minimal. In addition, although gay parents have the potential of bringing children, such children lack the parental love that mothers and fathers can provide, because you can imagine the many questions that children brought up in such families always ask themselves. It is important to note that, all societal and religious values form the primary pillars of any society’s well-being. Therefore, because the society frowns at the mentioning of gay marriage, most children brought up in gay marriages suffer from stress and psychological torture, as most of them are never comfortable in associating with their peers.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Because of psychological suffering that these children have to endure, most of them will engage themselves in deviant behavior, for example, substance abuse and criminal activity (Patterson and Redding 31-39). Considering this, it therefore means that, allowing the pra ctice to continue in our societies is a disrespect of children’s rights; hence, greatly jeopardizing the well-being of future generations. Yes, the argument by supporters of gay marriages that the constitution should give equal protection to all individuals’ rights is correct. However, although this is the case, do gays recognize the impact of their practice on the general societal systems, more so the marriage institution? In addition, it means that, accepting of this like a practice is like accepting matrimony between relatives, because the society needs so. Therefore, it is important to note that, the effects from this domino effect will greatly affect other societal practices hence, the need to abolish the practice completely from the society. On the other hand, although the constitution should provide all individuals with equal freedoms, the society must not fail to recognize that, to some extent accepting gay marriages may render â€Å"normal† marriages to lose meaning. Hence, because no individual is special, there is need for the law to limit granting some legal rights to practices that will alter the normal peaceful and accepted societal lifestyles. Supporters of gay marriages should always bear in mind that, the joining of a female and a male in matrimony is a natural practice that has been there since time memorial, and not a law created practice (Bidstrup 1). From a religious point of view, the joining of two individuals of different sexes in matrimony is of great significance not only to the church, but also to maintaining healthy relationships between the state and religious organizations (Bidstrup 1). Yes, although the argument that not all individuals are religious fanatics is correct, one thing they supporters of gay marriages fail to recognize is that, there is no way we can separate the church and the state. Although not all individuals believe in church doctrines, it is important to note that, the church is one pillar o f the society, whose contributions are enormous as far as the peaceful co-existence of individuals in societies is concerned. Therefore, it is of great significance to respect church doctrines, because of the contributions churches make to societies to ensure people live peaceful, loving and supporting one anotherAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Gay Marriage Should Not Be Legal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, although most supporters of gay marriage associate it with reduction of sexually transmitted diseases, as research studies show more than seventy-five percent of gays at one time in their lives are promiscuous and never use protection. Therefore, the argument that gay marriages can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted diseases is refutable, because research has proved that, instead of reducing it increases the prevalence and spread of deadly infections, for example, HIV and AIDS ( Shea, Wilson, Ranali, Paulaitis, Castagna, Raabe, and Lafrance 1-2). In conclusion, considering the impacts of legalizing gay marriage to the social health status, norms, values of the society and practices cherished by the society, in my view there is need for the government to enact tough legislation to prevent the practice from spreading. Such legislation should ensure all societal members give the marriage institution the respect and sanctity it deserves, it being the primary determinant of the continuation of the human species. Bidstrup, Scott. Gay marriage: the arguments and motives (arguments a against Gay marriage). 2000. Web. Messerli, Joe. Should same sex be legalized? Balanced Politics, 24 June. 2009. Web. Patterson, Charlotte and Redding, Richard. Lesbian and gay families with children: Implications of social science research and for policy. Journal of Social Issues, 52.3 (1996): 29-50. Web. Shea, John, Wilson, John, Ranali, Paul, Paulaitis, Christina, Castagna, Luigi, Raabe, Hans-Christina, and Lafrance, Andre. Gay marriage and homosexuality Some medical comments. 2010. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

The Italian Phonetic Alphabet - How to Spell

The Italian Phonetic Alphabet - How to Spell Bravissimo! You finally learned how to use the phone in Italy. Like many other Italians you pass on the street who have a cellphone attached to his ear, you can now discuss the most banal moments of the day. You quickly discover, though, that there are times when, no matter how clearly you pronounce Italian words, the person on the other end of the line cannot understand you. It could be static, it could be because youre skiing in the Dolomites or traveling by hydrofoil to the island of Stromboli and reception is poor. But you need to make yourself understood, otherwise youll miss out on those tickets to opening night at La Scala. Fortunately, theres the alfabeto fonetico- the Italian phonetic alphabet. Ancona, Bologna, CataniaMention the phonetic alphabet to a native-English speaker, and the first phrase that comes to mind is: Alpha Bravo Charlie. It stands for ABC, and is used in the military to avoid miscommunication. Its also frequently used by anyone speaking on the phone (to a customer service represenative, for instance) to spell out words (or portions of those words) to confirm the correct spelling. If its necessary to sound out the spelling of a word in Italian, by convention the following cities (typically provincial capital cities)- or alternate terms- are most commonly used to refer to each letter of the alphabet. The list of cities is not fixed, though, and even native-Italian speakers sometimes disagree about which cities to refer to. Therefore instead of Catania, one could also use Como, Capri or any other well known location. The only rule is to avoid a letter/town combination that could be mistaken for a different pair. Italian Phonetic AlphabetA come AnconaB come Bologna (or Bari or Brescia)C come Catania (or Como)D come DomodossolaE come Empoli (or Enna)F come FirenzeG come GenovaH come Hotel (acca)I come ImolaJ (gei or i lunga) come jolly (the joker in Italian card games) (or Jugoslavia)K (kappa) come KursaalL come LivornoM come MilanoN come NapoliO come OtrantoP come Palermo (or Padova or Pisa)Q come QuadernoR come RomaS come Savona (Sassari or Siena)T come Torino (Taranto)U come UdineV come Venezia (Verona)W (vi/vu doppio) come Washington (Wagner)X (ics) come Xanto (xilofono)Y come ipsilon (York or yacht)Z come Zara (Zurigo or zeta)

Frida Film Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frida Film Report - Essay Example Kahlo is bedridden most of her time but manages to do many paintings in spite of the pain she suffers. Although she is bedridden, she does not let the physical injuries and pain weigh her down. Her pain is more when she gets married to Rivera, who gets involved with other women despite her plea to him to b faithful. The movie affected me in various ways as Kahlo faced many challenges in life including severe pain from the accident. One of the issues in the poem that relates to my case is physical pain. Kahlo was affected by polio and later involved in an accident leaving her in pain. In my case, the pain is due to injuries sustained during a cycling competition with my friends when we collided with another cyclist. Sometimes the pain is severe but I always ensure that it does not interfere with my work as I can do so many things. Another issue is the psychological pain that Kahlo endures after her marriage faces challenges. My psychological pain is not related to marital troubles but disagreement with my family members who want me to take the management of our family business. The issue that stresses me is because they keep on insisting that I must participate in its management yet I am interested utilization my talents and skills as an actor. Nobody understands my argument, and they all think that I lack commitment yet I know I have dreams to achieve in life. The situation is stressing and am struggling to find ways of solving it. Just as Kahlo suffered, psychological stress due to her troublesome marriage am suffering due to the family business.

The UK Economy and International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 12

The UK Economy and International Trade - Essay Example This essay declares that monopolistic competition is clearly seen in industries such as banking, electronics, fashion and garments, food manufacturing, fast food retail, and almost all personal and professional service industries like hair styling and grooming. For these industries, there are many suppliers whose products are easily substituted for each other; and although differentiation is created in the mind of the buyer, the difference is not so insurmountable that another brand more conveniently accessible could not substitute for the other, first choice. In contrast, an oligopoly exists where only few competitors operate. Unlike in monopolistic competition, wherein the actions of competitors do not influence the others, in oligopoly, output decisions of individual firms have a decisive influence on the course of action the other firms decide to take. In an oligopoly, the following elements are present: A good example of an oligopoly is the market for diamonds, which is dominate d by De Beers, which corners 60% of the market, and other, relatively recently established, diamond firms in Canada, Russia and Australia. De Beers had once monopolized the diamond trade by buying out all its competitors and controlling the price. As more diamond deposits were discovered, De Beers was compelled to try a new tact, veering away from the diamond cartel, and instead embarking on brand strategy. Other oligopolies exist in the industries that produce automobile, cigarettes, cruise ships, and aluminum.