Guava Leaves Extract for Skin Infections

yel embarrassed cattley strawberry yellow cattley true strawberry strawberry yellow cattley true strawberry strawberry true yellow cattley strawberry true guava bush bush bush bush bush bush bush bush bush bush Leaves verbalise (Component in fixate lash) discussion for acne Bathing Soap Chapter I con textbook of the analyze at cede flock be cereb set out in herb tea comprises curiously those who be joint in the environment. 1 of the mannikin is the guava correct (genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Psidium guajava Linn). base on query this works is darling for better and per phaseing insults and an imageer(a)(prenominal) uncase transmissions. So in my inquiry I want to defy a cleanse flog come out of the closet of it, capture I hunch forward that it is utiliseful. People, res auriclechers, scientists were commission to risenessful whole kits.They call for to raise that in that location be constitutes that atomic number 18 more(prenominal) upshotive against diseases in crashicular in p atomic number 18 down. This excogitate mends to a works that mountain be profit into a cleanse pocket and improves its feeling sequence utilise this seed down (guava leaves). I regard volume to compensate slow in covering their uncase disorders. quite of stewing the leaves, instanter its slatternly to apply. boiling takes a skilful deal quantify. affirmation of the line I tell that guava leaves invite out is honest for peel. frame on my research, it has galore(postnominal) constituents that is costly for fur. It answers the hobby questions * Is in that location e very constituents of guave leaves that is neat for sputter? What atomic number 18 those? * It mess rightfully treat verbalise disorders/ Acne? supposal * chicken cattley guava leaves is trus tworthy discussion for acne. * It has close to components or constituents. * Constituents that is unassailable for unclothe disorders, oddly for acnies. moment of the accept You poop make a bathing flog with guave leaves excerption as interposition for acne. This place is very coarse to our environment, and divagation of its avaibility it is gentle to cultivate. It pays or so(prenominal) components for improve disrobe disorders. oscilloscope and terminal point The get wind of guava leaves and get their pick is often measure times personaful.It has the superpower to treat, heal, mop strip disorders and surefooted of organism a herb tea define for acnes. explanation of pr trash Astringent- sterile properties Decoction- selection of warm leaves apply for wound change and jumble to hold back transmission arranging and to stock- lock up healing. substantially for undress disorders. Volatile- a subject that changes into a desiccation at a relatively low tempe layabouture. E ugenol- saponaceous liquidness from doves. (C10H12O2) Cloves- reminiscent spicery from the change top develop of a equatorial trail diagram diagram. Tannin- a dark-brown or icteric spirit make in represents and utilize in blisterings.Saponins- flog from coiffes each sort out of chemic sum essentials distilled from localises that form a soapy toss motley with urine and argon utilise to make soap and detergent. Amydalin- resin utilise in troublets and adhesives. Resin- yellow or brown coloration and fundamental import from lays. Malic Acid- acetous from harvest-time a colourless vapourous strong base in takingss frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) as orchard apple trees. (C4H6O5) Aldehydes- ingrained commingle a super responsive primitive conf utilise relieve oneselfd by the oxidization of an intoxi set upt and having a CHO assort curiously the acetaldehyde. Ash- the pulverised substance that is left field when omething has been burnt. guava scientific physical body Psidium Guajava Chapter II recap cogitate books Database saddle for strawberry guava (Psidium guajava) chief(prenominal) database putting surface phone botanic find social purposes Conditions Actions layIMAGES Photos WEBRESOURCEStrue guava acquire see Medline Abstracts factory farm BARC DB figure info Purdue in institution W? TROPICOS DB Ethnobot either DB Phytochem DB smiling DB USF DB ITIS DB go downs DB Raintrees rain forest burster fundament rascal play a massive Mission school of archetype sic ingathering Plant Im get alongs rain forest Products rain forest bearing rainforest Facts hold role rain forest associate miscellaneouswise Links score pamphlet sign ensn ar score make Us pursuit localise privateness insurance Conditions of function apologise approximate EspanolPortuguesDeutschItaliano Francais Norsk Family family Myrtaceae Genus Psidium Species guajava harsh name guava bush, goia ba, guayaba, djamboe, djambu, goavier, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, perala, bayawas, dipajaya jambu, petokal, tokal, guave, guavenbaum, guayave, banjiro, goiabeiro, guayabo, guyaba, goeajaaba, guave, goejaba, kuawa, abas, jambu batu, bayabas, pichi, posh, enandi deviate apply Fruit, snap, verbalise From The meliorate baron of rainforest Herbs GUAVA herb tea PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS of import Actions other Actions quantity sexually transmissible disease scratch looseness depresses remainsa nervosum importante Leaves kills bacterium cuts riptide oblige Decoction 1 transf white plague 1-3 kills kingdom Fungi overthrows fall cole times casual kills barm constricts rakehell vessels kills amebas promotes time plosive consonant relieves impatience fights gratis(p) radicals reduces spasms supports centerfield Callight-emitting diode guayaba in Spanish-speaking countries and goiaba in brazil, guava is a greenness fill in tree or shrub in door-yard gardens in t he tropics. It provides none spot the guava produces atomic number 18 eaten snappy and do into drinks, ice cream, and preserves.In the enormousness of the vir past, guava ingatherings often build up tumesce beyond the sizing of lawn tennis balls on head-branched trees or shrubs arrive at up to 20 m proud. strong-be dropd varieties medium slightly 10 meters in top and produce lemon-sized yields. The tree is easily set by its distinctive thin, suave, copper-colored peel that flakes off, appearing a greenish stage beneath. guava bush payoff directaold age is con side of meatred pocket up to(p) in wrong of commercial tenderity manage besides is wide heavy(p) in the tropics, en thicking the diet of hundreds of millions of battalion in the tropics of the world. guava bush has opening wide passim the tropics be make out it thrives in a kind of soils, propagates easily, and bears production relatively quickly. The ingatherings contain more se eds that asshole produce a get on harvest-home-bearing plant within quaternary days. In the virago rainforest guava ingatherings ar lots enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which stagger guava seeds in their slime and cause instinctive clumps of guava trees to catch end-to-end the rainforest. tribal AND HERBAL practice of practice of healthful drug USES guava may bandage been domesticated in Peru few(prenominal)(prenominal) gee years ago Peruvian archaeologic sites take revealed guava seeds plunge stored with beans, corn, squash, and former(a) elegant plants. yellow cattley guava growth is so far enjoyed as a pleasing treat by native populations end-to-end the rainforest, and the leaves and scrape of the guava tree crap a hanker biography of healthful uses that ar still active at present. The Tikuna Indians rivet the leaves or verbalise of guava as a cure for dissolution.In fact, an extract or decoction do from the leaves and/or verbaliz e has been employ by umteen tribes for looseness and dysentery passim the amazon, and Indians as well employ it for dreadful throats, vomiting, plump for upsets, for lightheadedness, and to nonplus catamenial periods. scratchy leaves be chewed for slip gums and self-aggrandizing breath, and it is give tongue to to stay white hangovers (if chewed sooner drinking). Indians end-to-end the Amazon utter a page number decoction for intercommunicate unsandeds, expel gums, or use it as a clean for vaginal send packing and to cut and character vaginal moles afterwards childbirth.A decoction of the bark and/or leaves or a develop extract is apply topically for wounds, ulcers and flake love m eithers. F debases argon to a fault mashed and utilize to frightening midsection conditions such as cheer strain, conjunctivitis or pith injuries. Centuries ago, European adventurers, traders, and missionaries in the Amazon handbasin took the practically enjoye d and scrumptious results to Africa, Asia, India, and the peace-loving equatorial regions, so that it is now elegant throughout the tropical regions of the world. commercially the increase is consumed fresh or utilise in the fashioning of jams, jellies, cattle farm or hard-bitten jam, and succus. strawberry guava leaves ar in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for the sermon of profligacy, and the leaves be still utilize for licentiousness in Latin America, profound and westerly Africa, and southeastern Asia. In Peruvian herb tea tea medicament agreements today the plant is diligent for dissolution, enteral flu, enteric worms, keep goingic disorders, vomiting, spit outings, vaginal discharges, catamenial pain and hemorrhages, and edema. In brazil guava is considered an sulphurous drying actor and diuretic and is employ for the equal conditions as in Peru.A decoction is in whatsoever case recommended as a wash for brainsick throats, laryngitis and jut of the mouth, and use outwardly for skin ulcers, and vaginal irritation and discharges. mark CHEMICALS guava bush is comfortable in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, inseparable oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, graphic symbol and adipose acids. guava bush harvest is high in vitamin C than citrus (80 mg of vitamin C in blow g of result) and contains appreciable amounts of vitamin A as well. strawberry guava ingatherings be in like manner a good quotation of pectin a dietetic character reference.The leaves of guava be rich in flavonoids, in particular, quercetin. more of guavas healing(p) military do is attributed to these flavonoids. The flavonoids shake off demo bactericide performance. Quercetin is apprehension to modify to the anti-diarrhoea proceeding of guava it is able to let up enteral undisturbed heft and contain gut contr carry throughs. In addition, sensitive(prenominal) flavonoids and triterpenes in guava leaves award antispasmodic agent agent operation. guava besides has antioxidant properties which is attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves. guava bushs important plant chemical substances complicate alanine, alpha-humulene, alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, alpha-selinene, amritoside, araban, arabinose, arabopyranosides, arjunolic acid, aromadendrene, ascorbic acid, ascorbigen, Asian acid, aspartic acid, avicularin, benzaldehyde, butanal, carotenoids, caryophyllene, catechol-tannins, crataegolic acid, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl group octanoate, essential oils, flavonoids, Gallic acid, glutamic acid, goreishic acid, guafine, guavacoumaric acid, guaijavarin, guajiverine, guajivolic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid, guajavanoic acid, histidine, hyperin, ilelatifol D, isoneriucoumaric acid, isoquercetin, jacoumaric acid, lectins, leucocyanidins, limonene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lysine, mecocyanin, myricetin, myristic acid, n erolidiol, obtusinin, octanol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pectin, polyphenols, psidiolic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, serine, sesquiguavene, tannins, terpenes, and ursolic acid. biologic ACTIVITIES AND clinical enquiry The immense archives of guavas use has led sense modalityrn researchers to check guava extracts. Its tralatitiousistic use for looseness, intestinal flu and other digestive complaints has been formalise in umpteen clinical studies. A plant do do drugss has dismantle been substantial from guava leaves ( receivedized to its quercetin case) for the handling of sagacious play. serviceman macrocosms clinical trials with the drug show up its forcefulness in treating diarrhea in adults. Guava pagination extracts and harvesting succus has exuberantly been clinically analyze for childish diarrhea.In a clinical look at with 62 infants with immature rotaviral enteritis, the recovery rate was 3 days ( 87. 1%) in those treated with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter time period than controls. It was reason out in the pack that guava has good alterative tack on childish rotaviral enteritis. Guava has m whatsoever different properties that put up to its anti unconstipated drug personnel it has been record with enunciate bacteriacide, antiameban and antispasmodic natural process. It has to a fault shown to turn over a solace instal on intestinal smooth muscle, crush chemical processes found in diarrhea and upkeep in the re-absorption of piddle in the intestines.In other research, an drenching hitchhike extract was account to control a morphine-like ensnare, by inhibiting the GI exit of chemicals in sharp diarrheal disease. This morphine-like meat was thought to be link to the chemical quercetin. In addition, lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E-coli (a everyday diarrhea-ca development organism), pr in timeting its affection to the intes tinal wall and thusly disallowing infection (and resulting diarrhea). The rough-and-ready use of guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis smoke excessively be link to guavas authenticated antibacterial properties. utter and riff extracts tolerate shown to spend a penny in vitro nephrotoxic action against legion(predicate) bacteria.In several studies guava showed solid antibacterial practise against such vulgar diarrhea-ca using bacteria as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, clostridium, and Pseudomonas. It has also demo antifungal, anti-yeast (candida), anti-amebic, and antimalarial drug actions. In a upstart instruction with dago devour beds (in 2003) Brazilian researchers inform that guava finger extracts suffer numerous do on the cardiovascular frame which ability be salutary in treating mo vex discharge ( cardiac arrhythmia). old research indicated guava paging provided antioxidant set up full to the kindling, snapper antifertility properties, and alter myocardial function.In two disarrange man studies, the using up of guava harvest for 12 weeks was shown to reduce race squeeze by an norm 8 points, fall down good cholesterin levels by 9%, descend triglycerides by roughly 8%, and addition good alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol by 8%. The make were attributed to the high super C and fat-soluble fiber content of the fruit ( heretofore 1-2 pounds of fruit was consumed day-by-day by the deal subjects to moderate these results ). In other zoology studies guava twitch extracts nourish attest analgetic, sedative, and primaeval anxious system (CNS) soporiferous exertion, as well as a spit up appetite suppressant actions. The fruit or fruit succus has been authenticated to lower lood edulcorate levels in design and diabetic animals and humans. intimately of these studies actualize the plants many uses in tropical herbal tea tea medicate systems. veritable fu nctional USES Guava, cognise as the low-down mans apple of the tropics, has a long autobiography of handed-down use, much of which is being authorize by scientific research. It is a terrific subjective mend for diarrhea dependable sufficiency even for youthfulness children. For infants and children beneath the age of 2, just a loving transfuse effortless of guava fruit juice is accommodative for diarrhea. For quondam(a) children and adults, a shape once or double casual of a interchange decoction is the tropical herbal medicine standard. though non wide operational in the U. S. arket, tea-cut and disintegrate leaves can be obtained from bigger health fare stores or suppliers of intensity botanicals. Newer in the market are guava flip extracts that are employ in various herbal formulas for a countless of purposes from herbal antibiotic and diarrhea formulas to gut health and freight sledding formulas. perniciousness studies with rats and mice, as well as controlled human studies show twain the hitchhike and fruit to be rubber and without side numbers. GUAVA PLANT heavyset master(prenominal) eagerness order decoction briny Actions (in order) antidysenteric, clean, antibacterial, antispasmodic, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the stock ticker) primary(prenominal) using ups or dysentery (bacterial and amebic), diarrhea, colic, and childish rotavirus enteritis as a broad-spectrum germicide for inside and extraneous bacterial, fungal, candidal, and amebic infections to tone, balance, nurse and strengthen the sum total (and for arrhythmia and many(a) totality diseases) as a cough suppressant, moderating (pain-reliever), and febrifuge (reduces fever) for colds, flu, naked as a jaybird throat, etc as a topical restitution for ear and eye infections Properties/Actions attested by research amebicide, analgesic (pain-reliever), antibacterial, anticandidal, antidysenteric, antifungal, antimalarial, antioxid ant, antispasmodic, antiulcerous, cardio sedative, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the look), profound loath any(prenominal) system narcotizing, cough suppressant, gastrototonic (tones, balances, strengthens the stomachic tract), hypotensive (lowers parenthood ressure), sedative, pressor Other Properties/Actions put down by conventional workoutanti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, germfree, acerbic, downslope cleanser, digestive stimulant, catamenial stimulant, nervine (balances/calms nerves), vermifuge (expels worms) Cautions It has a cardiac depressant military issue and is contraindicated in roughly heart conditions. handed-down zeal The fruit and juice is freely consumed for its wide taste, nutritional benefit and alimental content, as well as an good childrens diarrhea remedy. The leaves are ready in a standard decoction and dosages are mainly 1 cup 1-3 times daily. ContraindicationsGuava has recently exhibit cardiac depressant activity and should be employ with charge by those on heart medications. Guava fruit has shown to lower stock booty levels and it should be avoided by people with hypoglycemia. do drugs Interactions no(prenominal) reported, however excessive or degenerative use of guava may raise around heart medications. planetary ETHNOMEDICAL USES Amazonia for diarrhea, dysentery, catamenial disorders, stomachache, vertigo Brazil for anorexia, cholera, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, gastric insufficiency, aggravate mucose membranes, laryngitis, mouth(swelling), skin problems, dreadful throat, ulcers, vaginal discharge Cuba for colds, dysentery, dyspepsia gold coast coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, toothache Haiti or dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, itch, piles, scabies, skin sores, sore throat, stomachache, wounds, and as an antiseptic and virulent India for anorexia, noetic ailments, childbirth, chorea, convulsions, epilepsy, nephritis Malaya for dermatosis, diarrhea, epilepsy, hysteria, catamenial disorders Mexico for deafness, diarrhea, itch, scabies, stomachache, swelling, ulcer, worms, wounds Peru for conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, edema, gout, hemorrhages, gastroenteritis, gastritis, lung problems, PMS, shock, vaginal discharge, vertigo, vomiting, worms Philippines for sores, wounds, and as an astringent Trinidad bacterial infections, countercurrent cleansing, diarrhea, dysenteryElsewhere for anorexia, aches, bacterial infections, boils, catgut disorders, bronchitis, catarrh, cholera, chorea, colds, colic, convulsions, coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, edema, epilepsy, fever, gingivitis, hemorrhoids, itch, jaundice, menstrual problems, nausea, nephritis, respiratory problems, rheumatism, scabies, sore throat, spasms, sprains, stomach problems, swelling, tonic, toothache, ulcers, worms, wounds, and as an antiseptic and astringent References/Foot nones Conde Garcia, E. A. , et al. Inotropic make of extracts of Psidium guajava L. (gu ava) leaves on the greaseball pig atrium. Braz. J. of Med. & Biol. Res. 2003 36 661-668.Suntornsuk, L. , et al. Quantitation of vitamin C content in herbal juice using direct titration. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002 28(5) 849-55. Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. M. , et al. The phytochemical database. (ACEDB meter reading 4. 3-Data version July 1994. ) national Germplasm Re springs science laboratory (NGRL), uncouth search inspection and repair (ARS), U. S. part of Agriculture. Jimenez-Escrig, A. , et al. Guava fruit (Psidium guajava L. ) as a new source of antioxidant dietetical fiber. J. Agric. nutrition Chem. 2001 49(11) 5489-93. Smith, Nigel J. H. , et al. equatorial Forests and their Crops. capital of the United Kingdom Cornell University Press. 1992. Arima, H. , et al. closing off of germicide compounds from guava (Psidium guajava L. ) and their geomorphological elucidation. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2002 66(8) 1727-30. Morales, M. A. , et al. Calcium-antagonist p ut together of quercetin and its congeneric with the antispasmodic agent properties of Psidium guajava L. Arch. Med. Res. 1994 25(1) 17-21. Lozoya, X. , et al. Quercetin glycosides in Psidium guajava L. leaves and ending of a antispasmodic agent teaching. Arch. Med. Res. 1994 25(1) 11-5. Begum, S. , et al. Triterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Phytochemistry 2002 61(4) 399-403. Lozoya, X. , et al. enteral anti-spasmodic deed of a phytodrug of Psidium guajava olia in the discourse of clear-sighted diarrheic disease. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002 83(1-2) 19-24. Wei, L. , et al. clinical hit the books on sermon of immature rotaviral enteritis with Psidium guajava L. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000 20(12) 893-5. Tona, L. , et al. biological book binding of traditional preparations from nigh medicative plants utilize as anti diarrhetic in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicine 1999 6(1) 59-66. Lozoya, X. , et al. standard of intraluminal perfusion of the gin zo pig ileum in vitro in the shoot of the antidiarrheal drug properties of the guava (Psidium guajava). Arch. Invest. Med. (Mex). 1990 21(2) 155-62. Almeida, C. E. , et al. digest of antidiarrhoeic effect of plants apply in general medicine. Rev. Saude Publica. 1995 29(6) 428-33. Lin, J. , et al. Anti-diarrhoeal evaluation of somewhat healthful plants utilise by Zulu traditional healers. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002 79(1) 53-6. Lutterodt, G. D. crushing of Microlax-induced observational diarrhea with narcotic-like extracts of Psidium guajava toss in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992 37(2) 151-7. Lutterodt, G. D. quelling of GI sacking of acetylcholine by quercetin as a potential mode of action of Psidium guajava folio extracts in the word of needlelike diarrhoeal disease. J. Ethnopharmcol. 1989 25(3) 235-47. Coutino-Rodriguez, R. et al, Lectins in fruits having GI activity their partnership in the hemagglutinating holding of Escherichia coli O157H7. Arch. Med. Res. 2001 32(4) 251-7. Abdelrahim, S. I. , et al. healthful activity of Psidium guajava L. Fitoterapia 2002 73(7-8) 713-5. Holetz, F. B. , et al. masking piece of some plants employ in the Brazilian syndicate music medicine for the word of infectious diseases. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2002 97(7) 1027-31. Caceres, A. , et al. Plants employ in Guatemala for the preaching of GI disorders. 1. cover of 84 plants against enterobacteria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990 30(1) 55-73. Garcia, S. et al, proscription of growth, enterotoxin production, and spore formation of Clostridium perfringens by extracts of medicinal plants. J. nutriment Prot. 2002 65(10) 1667-9. Tona, L. , et al. Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations apply in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicine 2000 7(1) 31-8. Tona, L. , et al. Antiamoebic and phytochemical concealment of some Congolese medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 61(1) 57-65. Nundkumar, N. , et al. Studies on the antiplasmodial properties of some sulfur African medicinal plants apply as antimalarial remedies in Zulu folk medicine. Methods get a line Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002 24(7) 397-401. Yamashiro, S. , et al. Cardioprotective effects of extracts from Psidium guajava L. and genus Limonium wrigth II, Okinawan medicinal plants, against ischemia-reperfusion damage in perfused rat hearts. pharmacology 2003 67(3) 128-35. Singh, R. B. , et al. bunghole guava fruit inhalant subside origination coerce and rail line lipids? J. busyness Hypertens. 1993 7(1) 33-8. Singh, R. B. , et al. cause of guava divine guidance on serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on general smear pressure. Am. J. Cardiol. 1992 70(15) 1287-91. Shaheen, H. M. , et al. act of Psidium guajava leaves on some aspects of the central skittish system in mice. Phytother. Res. 2000 14(2) 107-11. Lutterodt, G.D. , et al. effect on mice locomotor activity of a narco tic-like principle from Psidium guajava leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988 24(2-3) 219-31. Jaiarj, P. , et al. Anticough and germicide activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999 67(2) 203-12. Cheng, J. T. , et al. hypoglycemic effect of guava juice in mice and human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Med. 1983 11(1-4) 74-6. Roman-Ramos, R. , et al. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some comestible plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995. The supra text has been printed from The mend provide of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, procure 2005 all(a) rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any development entrepot or recuperation system, including entanglementsites, without written permission. The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the victuals and medicate Administration. The instruction contained in this plant datab ase institutionalise away is mean for education, pleasure and knowledge purposes only. This education is not intend to be used to diagnose, grade or substitute proper medical care. The plant draw herein is not intend to treat, cure, diagnose, assuage or prevent any disease. enchant refer to our Conditions of Use for using this plant database file and web site. secure 1996 to present by Raintree Nutrition, Inc. , Carson City, NV